Ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo e-Europe: i-GDPR, imodeli yomhlaba wonke
I-Europe ivame ukubonwa njenge-benchmark Ukuvikelwa kwempilo yangasese sibonga iGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2018. I-GDPR ihlose ukuvikela idatha yomuntu siqu yezakhamuzi zaseYurophu kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezinkampani eziqoqayo neziyicubungulayo. Phakathi kwezinhlinzeko eziyinhloko ze-GDPR yilungelo lokukhohlwa, imvume yokwaziswa kanye nokuphatheka kwedatha.
I-GDPR inomthelela omkhulu kumabhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba isebenza kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elicubungula idatha yomuntu siqu yezakhamizi zaseYurophu, noma ngabe izinze eYurophu noma cha. Amabhizinisi ahlulekayo ukuthobela izinhlinzeko ze-GDPR angaba ngaphansi kwezinhlawulo ezinkulu, ezifika ku-4% wenzuzo yawo yonyaka yomhlaba wonke.
Impumelelo ye-GDPR iholele amazwe amaningi ukuthi acabangele umthetho ofanayo ukuze avikele ubumfihlo bezakhamizi zawo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi imithetho yobumfihlo iyahluka kakhulu kuye ngamazwe, futhi ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile ekuzuleni ukwakheka kwedatha yomuntu siqu yomhlaba.
I-United States kanye Nokwehlukaniswa Kwemithetho Yobumfihlo
Ngokungafani ne-Europe, i-United States ayinawo umthetho wobumfihlo wombuso owodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, imithetho yobumfihlo ihlukanisiwe, ngemithetho ehlukene yombuso kanye nekahulumeni. Lokhu kungenza ukuzulazula ku-US yezomthetho ye-landscape complex kumabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye.
Ezingeni likahulumeni, imithetho eminingana eqondene nemboni ethile ibusa ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo, njenge I-HIPAA ukuze kube yimfihlo yolwazi lwezokwelapha kanye Umthetho we-FERPA ngedatha yabafundi. Kodwa-ke, le mithetho ayifaki zonke izici zobumfihlo futhi ishiya imikhakha eminingi ngaphandle kwemithetho yenhlangano.
Yilapho imithetho yobumfihlo yezwe ingena khona. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia, zinemithetho eqinile yobumfihlo. Umthetho wobumfihlo wabathengi waseCalifornia (CCPA) ungomunye wemithetho eqinile e-United States futhi uvame ukuqhathaniswa ne-European GDPR. I-CCPA inika izakhamuzi zase-California amalungelo afanayo ne-GDPR, njengelungelo lokwazi ukuthi iyiphi idatha eqoqwayo kanye nelungelo lokucela ukususwa kwedatha yazo.
Kodwa-ke, isimo e-United States sihlala siyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba izwe ngalinye lingasebenzisa umthetho walo wobumfihlo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani ezisebenza e-United States kufanele zithobelane nemithethonqubo ethile ehluka ngokwezifundazwe.
I-Asia kanye Nendlela Eqhathanisayo Yobumfihlo
E-Asia, imithetho yobumfihlo nayo iyahluka kakhulu kuye ngamazwe, ibonisa izindlela ezihlukile zamasiko nezombusazwe. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokuthi ubumfihlo busingathwa kanjani ezifundeni ezihlukene zase-Asia.
I-Japan ithathe indlela esheshayo yokuvikela ubumfihlo ngokusebenzisa uMthetho Wokuvikela Ulwazi Lomuntu Siqu (APPI) ngo-2003. I-APPI yabuyekezwa ngo-2017 ukuze kuqiniswe ukuvikelwa kwedatha futhi ihambisane ngokuqhubekayo ne-Japan ne-European GDPR. Umthetho wase-Japan udinga ukuthi izinkampani zithole imvume kubantu ngabanye ngaphambi kokuqoqa nokucubungula idatha yabo yomuntu siqu futhi usungula izindlela zokuziphendulela ezinkampanini eziphethe idatha enjalo.
E-China, ubumfihlo bubhekwa ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yesimo sezepolitiki kanye nendima ebalulekile edlalwa ukubhekwa kukahulumeni. Nakuba i-China isanda kudlulisa umthetho omusha wokuvikela idatha yomuntu siqu, othi ngandlela thize ufane ne-GDPR, kusazobonakala ukuthi lo mthetho uzosetshenziswa kanjani ekusebenzeni. I-China futhi inemithetho eqinile yokuphepha ku-inthanethi kanye nemithetho yokudluliswa kwedatha enqamula imingcele, engaba nomthelela endleleni izinkampani zangaphandle ezisebenza ngayo ezweni.
E-India, ukuvikelwa kobumfihlo kuyisihloko esithuthukayo, ngesiphakamiso soMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwedatha Yabantu omusha ngo-2019. Lesi senzo sigqugquzelwa yi-GDPR futhi sihlose ukusungula uhlaka lokuvikela idatha yomuntu siqu e-India. Kodwa-ke, umthethosivivinywa awukadluli, futhi kusazobonakala ukuthi izoba yini imiphumela kumabhizinisi nakubantu baseNdiya.
Sekukonke, kubalulekile ukuthi amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye baqonde umehluko ekuvikelweni kobumfihlo phakathi kwamazwe futhi bazivumelanise ngokufanele. Ngokuhlala unolwazi lwakamuva ngemithetho nemithethonqubo esebenzayo, izinkampani zingaqinisekisa ukuthi ziyahlangabezana nezimfuneko zobumfihlo futhi zinciphisa ubungozi kubasebenzisi bazo nebhizinisi.
